无障碍网页指引

In order to assure that websites and web applications are accessible to everyone, 加州大学洛杉矶分校网页设计师, 开发人员, and content creators must follow the latest web accessibility guidelines.

形式

形式 are commonly used to provide user interaction on websites and in web applications. 以使在线表格可访问, every form field must have a descriptive label that identifies its purpose. The label should be placed adjacent to its respective field and must be associated with the field.

You can improve the accessibility of your form by following these best practices.

  • Provide clear instructions on how to complete the form.
  • 明确指定必填字段.
  • 按逻辑顺序放置表单字段.
  • Group related form fields and label them appropriately.
  • Ensure that form fields can be navigated using the keyboard.
  • Ensure that errors are communicated clearly and are easy to identify.

 Drupal网站

If your web页面 is hosted on the University's Drupal web platform (experts.ospifse.net), you can easily create accessible forms by using the 网络form content type. 添加新表单字段时, the label you enter for the field is automatically associated with the corresponding field. You can also easily group and sort fields using a drag-and-drop functionality. For instructions on how to create a form in Drupal, visit the 创建网络forms 页面.

 Non-Drupal网站

If your web页面 is hosted on the University's web server (web.calstatela.Edu)或第三方, use correct HTML markup to associate labels with their corresponding fields. If you use JavaScript to manipulate form data or for form validation, ensure that the form can still be navigated using the keyboard. 欲了解更多信息，请访问 W3C的表单概念 页面和 网络AIM创建可访问表单 页面.

帧

帧

帧 are used to separate a web页面 into different sections, 每个部分都有自己的窗口. If possible, avoid using frames because they create usability and accessibility issues. 如果你必须使用框架, ensure that each frame has a meaningful title which gives a clear indication of the content within that frame. 也, include a element to specify equivalent content for web browsers that do not support frames or are configured not to display them.</p> <h3>Iframes</h3> <p>Inline frames (iframes) are used to embed content from one web页面 into another (e.g., a video from YouTube or a social media widget). If you incorporate an iframe on your 页面, ensure that it has a meaningful title. 也, provide alternative content by including a text description between the iframe start and end tags.</p> <p>欲了解更多信息，请访问 <a href="http://webaim.org/techniques/frames/">网络AIM's Creating Accessible 帧 and Iframes</a> 页面.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="padding-above-below paragraph paragraph--type--accordion paragraph--id--921171 paragraphs-item-921171 paragraph--view-mode--default accordion" id="accordion-921171"> <div class="field field--name-field-section-heading field--type-string field--label-hidden field__items"> <h2 class="field__item">标题</h2> </div><div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text-limited field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>标题s help users understand what information is contained on a web页面和 how that information is organized. 标题s also allow screen-reader and assistive technology users to skim the structure of a 页面和 navigate to or skip over sections.</p> <p>When designing the structure of your 页面, follow these best practices.</p> <ul><li>Use headings to denote a 页面's structure rather than for visual effect.</li> <li>Apply heading markup (h1-h6) to all visual headings. Do not format text to make it look like a heading.</li> <li>Use only one main heading (h1) which should be the 页面 title.</li> <li>正确排序标题. Subheadings of h1 are h2s, subheadings of h2s are h3s, etc.</li> <li>Make headings short and descriptive so users can easily find the information they are looking for.</li> <li>Make sure all headings have associated content (i.e.，没有空标题).</li> </ul><h3><i aria-hidden="true" class="fab fa-drupal"> </i> Drupal网站</h3> <p>If your web页面 is hosted on the University's Drupal web platform (experts.ospifse.net), you can apply heading styles (标题 2, 标题 3, etc.) using the Format button on the WYSIWYG toolbar. 在Drupal, 页面标题被标记为标题1, so the first level of subheadings within the 页面 content should be marked up as 标题 2.</p> <h3><i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-code"> </i> Non-Drupal网站</h3> <p>If your web页面 is hosted on the University's web server (web.calstatela.Edu)或第三方, use correct HTML markup to style headings (h1, h2, h3, etc.). 欲了解更多信息，请访问 <a href="http://www.w3.org/WAI/tutorials/page-structure/headings/">W3C的标题</a> 页面.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="padding-above-below paragraph paragraph--type--accordion paragraph--id--921176 paragraphs-item-921176 paragraph--view-mode--default accordion" id="accordion-921176"> <div class="field field--name-field-section-heading field--type-string field--label-hidden field__items"> <h2 class="field__item">图片</h2> </div><div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text-limited field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>图片 can enhance content or add visual interest to a web页面, but they are inaccessible to people with visual impairments. To be accessible, all images are required to have an equivalent alternative text (alt text). It is read by screen readers in place of an image, allowing the content and function of the image to be accessible. The most appropriate alt text for an image depends on the purpose of the image within the context of the web页面.</p> <ul><li>如果图像传达了简单的信息, the alt text should convey the same essential information as the image.</li> <li>如果一幅图像传达了复杂的信息(例如.g., 图表或图表), it should include a short alt text and a long description that provides more detail about the image.</li> <li>If an image is purely decorative, the alt attribute should be empty (alt=""). This tells screen readers to completely ignore the image.</li> <li>If an image has a caption or is described in adjacent text, the alt attribute should be empty (alt="") so that the information is not read twice by screen readers.</li> <li>If an image contains text, the alt text should contain the same text.</li> <li>If an image is linked, the alt text should describe the link's destination.</li> <li>If an image is used as a button, the alt text should describe the button's purpose.</li> </ul><p>欲了解更多信息，请访问 <a href="http://webaim.org/techniques/alttext/">网络AIM的替代文本</a> 页面.</p> <h3><i aria-hidden="true" class="fab fa-drupal"> </i> Drupal网站</h3> <p>To ensure that websites hosted on the University's Drupal web platform (experts.ospifse.net) meet accessibility requirements, an alt text is required for all images. For instructions on how to add an image in Drupal, visit the <a href="/support/adding-images">添加图片</a> 页面.</p> <h3><i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-code"> </i> Non-Drupal网站</h3> <p>If your web页面 is hosted on the University's web server (web.calstatela.Edu)或第三方, ensure that all images include an appropriate alt text. 欲了解更多信息，请访问 <a href="http://www.w3.org/WAI/tutorials/images/">W3C的图像概念</a> 页面和 <a href="http://webaim.org/techniques/images/">网络AIM的无障碍图像</a> 页面.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="padding-above-below paragraph paragraph--type--accordion paragraph--id--921181 paragraphs-item-921181 paragraph--view-mode--default accordion" id="accordion-921181"> <div class="field field--name-field-section-heading field--type-string field--label-hidden field__items"> <h2 class="field__item">链接</h2> </div><div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text-limited field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>链接 are one of the most basic and important elements of a website. They are essential for website navigation and can be used to cross-reference related content. As a result, inaccessible links are one of the biggest issues a website can have.</p> <h3>何时使用链接</h3> <p>You can improve the usability and accessibility of your links by following these best practices.</p> <ul><li>Use link text that is meaningful when read out of context. Avoid using redundant or ambiguous link text such as "click here" or "read more".</li> <li>保持链接文本简洁. A long link is more likely to break across lines on a web页面, making it look like two links.</li> <li>避免使用url作为链接文本. If a URL is relatively short such as a site's home页面, it may be used as the link text.</li> <li>Do not use the same text for links that go to different destinations.</li> <li>Ensure that links can be navigated using the keyboard.</li> <li>Style links to make them distinctive from other types of text on a web页面. Underlining links is a standard convention to denote that text is clickable.</li> </ul><p>欲了解更多信息，请访问 <a href="http://webaim.org/techniques/hypertext/">网络AIM的链接和超文本</a> 页面.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="padding-above-below paragraph paragraph--type--accordion paragraph--id--921186 paragraphs-item-921186 paragraph--view-mode--default accordion" id="accordion-921186"> <div class="field field--name-field-section-heading field--type-string field--label-hidden field__items"> <h2 class="field__item">插件</h2> </div><div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text-limited field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>插件 enable web browsers to display a particular file format (PDF, Word, Excel, PowerPoint, etc.). When a web页面 links to a file that requires a plug-in to display the content, a link must be provided to a 页面 where the plug-in can be downloaded.</p> <h3><i aria-hidden="true" class="fab fa-drupal"> </i> Drupal网站</h3> <p>If your web页面 is hosted on the University's Drupal web platform (www.calstatela.Edu)，则自动满足此要求 for common file types via the 文件的观众 link located in the website footer. If you link to a file which requires a plug-in that is not listed on the <a href="/plugins">文件查看器和插件</a> 页面, you need to add a link to a 页面 where the plug-in can be downloaded.</p> <h3><i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-code"> </i> Non-Drupal网站</h3> <p>If your web页面 is hosted on the University's web server (web.calstatela.Edu)或第三方, you can meet this requirement by adding a link to a 页面 where the appropriate plug-in can be downloaded. For a list of plug-ins for common file types, visit the <a href="/plugins">文件查看器和插件</a> 页面.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="padding-above-below paragraph paragraph--type--accordion paragraph--id--921191 paragraphs-item-921191 paragraph--view-mode--default accordion" id="accordion-921191"> <div class="field field--name-field-section-heading field--type-string field--label-hidden field__items"> <h2 class="field__item">Skip-Navigation</h2> </div><div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text-limited field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>Many websites have redundant navigation links across multiple 页面s. For screen reader users and users navigating by keyboard, these links can become burdensome if there is no way to efficiently skip past them. 提高网站的可访问性, include a skip navigation link on each 页面 to allow site visitors to skip over repetitive 页面 elements and get to the main content.</p> <h3><i aria-hidden="true" class="fab fa-drupal"> </i> Drupal网站</h3> <p>If your web页面 is hosted on the University's Drupal web platform (www.calstatela.Edu)，则自动满足此要求. Every 页面 that is created in Drupal includes a "Skip to content" link.</p> <h3><i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-code"> </i> Non-Drupal网站</h3> <p>If your web页面 is hosted on the University's web server (web.calstatela.Edu)或第三方, you can meet this requirement by adding a link at the top of each 页面 that goes directly to the main content. 欲了解更多信息，请访问 <a href="http://webaim.org/techniques/skipnav/">网络AIM的跳过导航链接</a> 页面.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="padding-above-below paragraph paragraph--type--accordion paragraph--id--921196 paragraphs-item-921196 paragraph--view-mode--default accordion" id="accordion-921196"> <div class="field field--name-field-section-heading field--type-string field--label-hidden field__items"> <h2 class="field__item">表</h2> </div><div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text-limited field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>表 should be used to present data; they should not be used to create a 页面 layout. 使数据表可访问, it needs to include column and/or row headers and markup that associates data cells to their respective headers.</p> <h3><i aria-hidden="true" class="fab fa-drupal"> </i> Drupal网站</h3> <p>If your web页面 is hosted on the University's Drupal web platform (www.calstatela.Edu)，您可以轻松创建可访问的表. 将表添加到页面时, make sure to specify column and/or row headers in the Table Properties dialog box. 根据你的选择, Drupal will automatically add the appropriate markup to your table to associate data cells with their headers. For instructions on how to add a table in Drupal, visit the <a href="/support/adding-tables">添加表</a> 页面.</p> <h3><i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-code"> </i> Non-Drupal网站</h3> <p>If your web页面 is hosted on the University's web server (web.calstatela.Edu)或第三方, make sure to create accessible tables by using the appropriate HTML markup to associate data cells with their headers. 欲了解更多信息，请访问 <a href="http://www.w3.org/WAI/tutorials/tables/">W3C的表概念</a> 页面和 <a href="http://webaim.org/techniques/tables/data">网络AIM创建可访问表</a> 页面.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="padding-above-below paragraph paragraph--type--accordion paragraph--id--921201 paragraphs-item-921201 paragraph--view-mode--default accordion" id="accordion-921201"> <div class="field field--name-field-section-heading field--type-string field--label-hidden field__items"> <h2 class="field__item">文本</h2> </div><div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text-limited field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>To be accessible, website text must have a high level of readability and legibility. Readability is the ease with which a reader can recognize words, sentences, and paragraphs. Legibility is the ease with which a reader can recognize individual characters in text.</p> <p>You can improve the accessibility of your text by following these best practices.</p> <ul><li>写作清晰简洁.</li> <li>用标题和列表组织内容.</li> <li>Use real text rather than text embedded within graphics.</li> <li>Provide sufficient contrast between text and its background.</li> <li>选择简单易读的字体.</li> <li>避免使用小字体.</li> <li>字体大小使用相对单位.</li> <li>避免完全对齐的文本.</li> <li>避免闪烁或移动文本.</li> <li>限制使用字体变体，例如 <strong>大胆的</strong>, <em>斜体</em>，并全部大写字母.</li> <li>Do not underline text unless the text is a link.</li> <li>识别语言的任何变化(e).g.(从英语到西班牙语).</li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="padding-remove paragraph-width-100 paragraph paragraph--type--content paragraph--id--921206 paragraphs-item-921206 entity_921206 paragraph--view-mode--default paragraphs-item-content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><h3>创建可访问的网络内容</h3> <p>Most web content can be made accessible by following the simple guidelines listed above. For a comprehensive list of web accessibility guidelines and how to meet them, visit <a href="http://webaim.org/standards/wcag/checklist">网络AIM的WCAG 2.0的清单</a> 页面和 <a href="http://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG20/quickref/">W3C如何满足WCAG 2.0</a> 页面.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="padding-above-below paragraph paragraph--type--accordion paragraph--id--921211 paragraphs-item-921211 paragraph--view-mode--default accordion" id="accordion-921211"> <div class="field field--name-field-section-heading field--type-string field--label-hidden field__items"> <h2 class="field__item">Color</h2> </div><div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-text-limited field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><h3>色彩的运用</h3> <p>色彩是网页设计的一个重要方面. However, some users have difficulty perceiving color. 使用颜色时, ensure that it is not the only visual means of conveying information. 如果你用颜色来传达信息(e.g., 指定必需的字段, 超链接, 活跃的元素, 或其他资料), 包括第二种区分方法. 例如, if a web页面 directs site visitors to press a green button for help, it should also include the word "Help" on the button. This way, a person who is colorblind can still identify that the button is for help.</p> <h3>颜色对比</h3> <p>使用颜色时, provide sufficient contrast between text and its background so that people who have visual impairments can read the content.</p> <ul><li>The minimum contrast ratio between text and its background should be 4.5:1.</li> <li>文本 that is larger (at least 18 points if not 大胆的 or 14 points if 大胆的) can have a contrast ratio of 3:1.</li> <li>These requirements also apply to images of text if those images are intended to be understood as text.</li> <li>文本 that is decorative and conveys no information has no contrast requirement.</li> </ul><p>使用 <a href="http://webaim.org/resources/contrastchecker/">网络AIM颜色对比检查器</a> to test the contrast ratio between text and its background:</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer class="mt-auto"> <div class="footer-region-wrapper"> <div class="container"> <div class="region 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